Language Reference
Language Reference
Arduino programming language can be divided in three main parts: functions, values (variables and constants), and structure.
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Functions
For controlling the Arduino board and performing computations.
Digital I/O
digitalRead()
digitalWrite()
pinMode()
Analog I/O
analogRead()
analogReference()
analogWrite()
Zero, Due & MKR Family
analogReadResolution()
analogWriteResolution()
Advanced I/O
noTone()
pulseIn()
pulseInLong()
shiftIn()
shiftOut()
tone()
Time
delay()
delayMicroseconds()
micros()
millis()
Math
abs()
constrain()
map()
max()
min()
pow()
sq()
sqrt()
Trigonometry
Characters
isAlpha()
isAlphaNumeric()
isAscii()
isControl()
isDigit()
isGraph()
isHexadecimalDigit()
isLowerCase()
isPrintable()
isPunct()
isSpace()
isUpperCase()
isWhitespace()
Random Numbers
Bits and Bytes
bit()
bitClear()
bitRead()
bitSet()
bitWrite()
highByte()
lowByte()
External Interrupts
attachInterrupt()
detachInterrupt()
Interrupts
Communication
USB
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Variables
Arduino data types and constants.
Constants
HIGH | LOW
INPUT | OUTPUT | INPUT_PULLUP
LED_BUILTIN
true | false
Floating Point Constants
Integer Constants
Conversion
(unsigned int)
(unsigned long)
byte()
char()
float()
int()
long()
word()
Data Types
array
bool
boolean
byte
char
double
float
int
long
short
size_t
string
String()
unsigned char
unsigned int
unsigned long
void
word
Variable Scope & Qualifiers
Utilities
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Structure
The elements of Arduino (C++) code.
Sketch
Control Structure
break
continue
do...while
else
for
goto
if
return
switch...case
while
Further Syntax
#define (define)
#include (include)
/* */ (block comment)
// (single line comment)
; (semicolon)
{} (curly braces)
Arithmetic Operators
% (remainder)
* (multiplication)
+ (addition)
- (subtraction)
/ (division)
= (assignment operator)
Comparison Operators
!= (not equal to)
< (less than)
<= (less than or equal to)
== (equal to)
> (greater than)
>= (greater than or equal to)
Boolean Operators
! (logical not)
&& (logical and)
|| (logical or)
Pointer Access Operators
& (reference operator)
* (dereference operator)
Bitwise Operators
& (bitwise and)
<< (bitshift left)
>> (bitshift right)
^ (bitwise xor)
| (bitwise or)
~ (bitwise not)
Compound Operators
%= (compound remainder)
&= (compound bitwise and)
*= (compound multiplication)
++ (increment)
+= (compound addition)
-- (decrement)
-= (compound subtraction)
/= (compound division)
^= (compound bitwise xor)
|= (compound bitwise or)